@InProceedings{SáPJDHIYWTBCAGMSWAJM:2017:AnEmCh,
               author = "S{\'a}, Suzane S. de and Palm, Brett B. and Jost, Pedro Campuzano 
                         and Day, Doug A. and Hu, Weiwei and Isaacman-VanWertz, Gabriel A. 
                         and Yee, Lindsay and Wernis, Rebecca Ann and Thalman, Rayan and 
                         Brito, Joel F. and Carbone, Samara and Artaxo, Paulo and 
                         Goldstein, Allen H. and Manzi, Ant{\^o}nio Ocimar and Souza, 
                         Rodrigo Augusto Ferreira de and Wang, Jian and Alexander, M. 
                         Lizabeth L. and Jimenez, Jose L. and Martin, Scot T.",
          affiliation = "{Harvard University} and {University of Colorado} and {Cooperative 
                         Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences} and CIRES and 
                         {Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences} and 
                         {Massachusetts Institute of Technology} and {University of 
                         California Berkeley} and {University of California Berkeley} and 
                         {Brookhaven National Laboratory} and {Universidade de S{\~a}o 
                         Paulo (USP)} and {Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo (USP)} and 
                         {Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo (USP)} and {University of 
                         California Berkeley} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 
                         Espaciais (INPE)} and {} and {Brookhaven National Lab} and 
                         {Pacific Northwest National Laboratory} and CIRES and {Harvard 
                         University}",
                title = "Anthropogenic emissions change the amount and composition of 
                         organic PM1 in Amazonia",
            booktitle = "Proceedings...",
                 year = "2017",
         organization = "AGU Fall Meeting",
             abstract = "The Amazon forest, while one of the few regions on the globe where 
                         pristine conditions may still prevail, has experienced rapid 
                         changes due to increasing urbanization in the past decades. 
                         Manaus, a Brazilian city of 2-million people in the central Amazon 
                         basin, releases a pollution plume over the forest, potentially 
                         affecting the production pathways of particulate matter (PM) in 
                         the region. As part of GoAmazon2014/5, a high-resolution 
                         time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and a suite 
                         of other gas and particle-phase instruments were deployed at the 
                         T3 research site, 70 km downwind of Manaus, during the wet and dry 
                         seasons. Through a combination of meteorology, emissions, and 
                         chemistry, the T3 site was affected by a mixture of biogenic 
                         emissions from the tropical rainforest, urban outflow from the 
                         Manaus metropolitan area and biomass burning plumes. Results from 
                         the T3 site are presented in the context of measurements at 
                         T0a/T0t and T2, sites representing predominantly clean and 
                         polluted conditions, respectively. The organic component 
                         consistently represented on average 70-80% of the PM1 mass 
                         concentration across sites and seasons, and constitutes the focus 
                         of this work. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis was 
                         applied to the time series of organic mass spectra. The resulting 
                         factors, which included the so-called IEPOX-SOA, MO-OOA, LO-OOA, 
                         BBOA, Fac91 and HOA, provide information on the relative 
                         contributions of different sources and pathways to organic PM 
                         production. In addition, Fuzzy c-means clustering was applied to 
                         the time series of pollution indicators, including concentrations 
                         of NOy, total particle number, ozone and sulfate, in order to 
                         better understand the convoluted influences of different processes 
                         and airmass origin to each point in time. Through combination of 
                         the PMF and Fuzzy c-means analyses, insights are drawn about the 
                         relative composition of organic PM1 at varying degrees of 
                         influence of biogenic and anthropogenic processes. Results suggest 
                         that polluted conditions are associated with higher organic mass 
                         concentrations, with certain pathways being favored to the 
                         detriment of others. This analysis and results represent a step 
                         toward the goal of improving the understanding of anthropogenic 
                         influences on the production of PM1 in Amazonia.",
  conference-location = "New Orleans",
      conference-year = "11-15 Dec.",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "sa_anthropogenic.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "28 abr. 2024"
}